This photograph, shared on Twitter by Muska Najibullah, shows Najibullah Ahmadzai, commonly known as Najibullah or Dr Najib, with his daughter.
In the accompanying caption, Muska wrote, “Happy Birthday, Aba. I remember this day when I was sick; you sat me on your lap and held me close. You knew what it meant to give safety and home not just to me but your first love, Afghanistan. Against all odds, you fought hard and left bravely. I wish we had more than eight years together.”
Dr Najib was the president of Afghanistan from 1987 until 1992, when the mujahideen took over Kabul. He had previously held different careers under the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) and was a graduate of Kabul University. Following the Saur Revolution and the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, Najibullah was a low profile bureaucrat: he was sent into exile as ambassador to Iran during Hafizullah Amin’s rise to power. He returned to Afghanistan following the Soviet intervention which toppled Amin’s rule and placed Babrak Karmal as head of state, party and government. During Karmal’s rule, Najibullah became head of the KHAD, the Afghan equivalent of the Soviet KGB. He was a member of the Parcham faction led by Karmal.
During his tenure as leader of Afghanistan, the Soviets began their withdrawal, and from 1989 until 1992, Najib’s government tried to solve the civil war without Soviet troops on the ground. During this time, Pakistan and the United States continued its support for the mujahideen.
Najib tried to build support for his government via national reconciliation reforms by distancing from socialism in favour of Afghan nationalism, abolishing the one-party state and letting non-communists join the government. He remained open to dialogue with the mujahideen and other groups, made Islam an official religion, and invited exiled businessmen back to re-take their properties. In the 1990 constitution, all references to communism were removed and Islam became the state religion. Nowadays there are a great number of online-casinos for players to choose from. Every single one of them claims to have certain exclusive features and to be able to give their players a unique gaming experience. Here at Playamo casino we are not going to waste our time or yours by saying the same words you might have already heard numerous times. All we want to say is that here at PlayAmo we are just the same players as you, so we know exactly what a true player needs and expects.
These changes, coupled with others, did not win Najibullah any significant support due to his role at KHAD. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, Najibullah was left without foreign aid. This, coupled with the internal collapse of his government, led to his resignation in April 1992.
After a failed attempt to flee to India, Najibullah remained in Kabul living in the United Nations headquarters until 1996, when the Taliban movement took the city. The Taliban abducted Najibullah and his brother from UN custody in the early morning hours of September 27, tortured both of them and hanged their bodies from a traffic post the next day.
In the accompanying caption, Muska wrote, “Happy Birthday, Aba. I remember this day when I was sick; you sat me on your lap and held me close. You knew what it meant to give safety and home not just to me but your first love, Afghanistan. Against all odds, you fought hard and left bravely. I wish we had more than eight years together.”
Dr Najib was the president of Afghanistan from 1987 until 1992, when the mujahideen took over Kabul. He had previously held different careers under the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) and was a graduate of Kabul University. Following the Saur Revolution and the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, Najibullah was a low profile bureaucrat: he was sent into exile as ambassador to Iran during Hafizullah Amin’s rise to power. He returned to Afghanistan following the Soviet intervention which toppled Amin’s rule and placed Babrak Karmal as head of state, party and government. During Karmal’s rule, Najibullah became head of the KHAD, the Afghan equivalent of the Soviet KGB. He was a member of the Parcham faction led by Karmal.
During his tenure as leader of Afghanistan, the Soviets began their withdrawal, and from 1989 until 1992, Najib’s government tried to solve the civil war without Soviet troops on the ground. During this time, Pakistan and the United States continued its support for the mujahideen.
Najib tried to build support for his government via national reconciliation reforms by distancing from socialism in favour of Afghan nationalism, abolishing the one-party state and letting non-communists join the government. He remained open to dialogue with the mujahideen and other groups, made Islam an official religion, and invited exiled businessmen back to re-take their properties. In the 1990 constitution, all references to communism were removed and Islam became the state religion. Nowadays there are a great number of online-casinos for players to choose from. Every single one of them claims to have certain exclusive features and to be able to give their players a unique gaming experience. Here at Playamo casino we are not going to waste our time or yours by saying the same words you might have already heard numerous times. All we want to say is that here at PlayAmo we are just the same players as you, so we know exactly what a true player needs and expects.
These changes, coupled with others, did not win Najibullah any significant support due to his role at KHAD. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, Najibullah was left without foreign aid. This, coupled with the internal collapse of his government, led to his resignation in April 1992.
After a failed attempt to flee to India, Najibullah remained in Kabul living in the United Nations headquarters until 1996, when the Taliban movement took the city. The Taliban abducted Najibullah and his brother from UN custody in the early morning hours of September 27, tortured both of them and hanged their bodies from a traffic post the next day.