In recent years, the global shift towards renewable energy has gained significant momentum as countries strive to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate the effects of climate change. Pakistan has sought to do the same as it is a developing nation at the forefront of climate crisis, with diverse energy needs and challenges. The country's energy sector is characterised by a persistent demand-supply gap, power outages, and dependence on imported fossil fuels. However, it also possesses a wealth of renewable energy resources that hold the potential to reshape its energy landscape.
But what is the future of renewable energy in Pakistan, the opportunities and challenges associated with it, and strategies necessary to harness these resources effectively.
Pakistan is endowed with a variety of renewable energy resources, including solar, wind, hydropower, and biomass. The country's geographical location and natural features make it particularly suited for harnessing these resources.
The potential for solar energy generation is significant in Pakistan, particularly in regions like Balochistan, Sindh, and the Punjab, as it experiences high levels of solar insolation, with an average of 5.5-6 kWh/m²/day of solar irradiance. Large-scale solar projects, including photovoltaic (PV) power plants and solar thermal installations, have the potential to fulfill a substantial portion of the country's energy needs. According to the World Bank, if Pakistan utilises just 0.071% of its area for solar photovoltaic (solar PV) power generation, it would meet Pakistan’s current electricity demand. Recent initiatives, such as the Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park in Bahawalpur (which plans to generate 1,000 Mega Watt of electricity), exemplify the progress being made in solar energy development.
The wind corridors in Pakistan, particularly in the coastal regions of Sindh and Balochistan, offer considerable potential for wind energy generation. With the potential for power generation estimated at over 50,000 MW (more than the current installed power production capacity of the country), wind energy can play a crucial role in diversifying the country's energy production. The Gharo-Keti Bandar Wind Corridor, for example, has shown promising results with several wind farms contributing to the national grid.
Furthermore, Pakistan's extensive river system presents significant opportunities for hydropower generation. Large-scale hydroelectric projects, such as the Tarbela and Mangla dams, have historically been the backbone of the country's electricity supply. Additionally, there is potential for scores of small and mini-hydropower projects in the northern regions, which can provide electricity to remote and off-grid areas, thereby reducing the energy lost during transmission.
The integration of renewable energy into the national grid requires substantial upgrades to the existing infrastructure. Issues such as grid stability, energy storage, and transmission capacity need to be addressed to accommodate the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources
Agricultural residues, animal waste, and industrial by-products present viable sources of biomass energy. In rural areas, biomass can be utilised to generate electricity and biogas, contributing to rural development and reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
Despite the promising potential, the development of renewable energy in Pakistan faces several challenges that need to be addressed to ensure a sustainable and equitable energy transition. Renewable energy projects require significant upfront investment, which is a barrier for a developing country like Pakistan. We lack access to affordable financing and private sector investment - both are crucial for scaling up renewable energy initiatives. The integration of renewable energy into the national grid requires substantial upgrades to the existing infrastructure. Issues such as grid stability, energy storage, and transmission capacity need to be addressed to accommodate the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources.
A robust and supportive policy framework is essential to encourage investment and facilitate the development of renewable energy projects.
While Pakistan has made progress with initiatives like the Alternative and Renewable Energy Policy 2019, continued efforts are needed to streamline regulatory processes and provide incentives for renewable energy adoption. Moreover, the transition to renewable energy must consider social and environmental impacts to ensure that local communities benefit and ecological balance is maintained. This includes addressing land use conflicts, ensuring equitable access to energy, and protecting biodiversity. To realise the potential of renewable energy in Pakistan, a multifaceted approach is required, involving government policies, private sector participation, community engagement, and international cooperation.
The government should continue to refine and implement policies that incentivise renewable energy projects. Clear and consistent regulations, feed-in tariffs, tax incentives, and subsidies can attract both domestic and foreign investors. Streamlining the approval processes and providing long-term power purchase agreements (PPAs) will also boost investor confidence. The government also needs to invest in research and development to advance renewable energy technologies and local manufacturing capabilities. Collaborations between academic institutions, industry, and government agencies can foster innovation and reduce reliance on imported technologies. This policy will develop a skilled workforce capable of designing, installing, and maintaining renewable energy systems is essential. Furthermore, vocational training programmes, capacity-building initiatives, and partnerships with international organisations can help bridge the skills gap and create employment opportunities.
Pakistan can benefit from community-owned solar, wind, and biomass projects to enhance social acceptance, improve energy access, and stimulate rural development. Additionally, engagement with international financial institutions, donor agencies, and multilateral organisations can provide access to necessary grants, loans, and technical assistance for renewable energy projects.
The future of renewable energy in Pakistan holds great promise, with abundant resources and growing awareness of the need for sustainable energy solutions. By addressing financial, technical, policy, and social challenges, and implementing effective strategies, Pakistan can harness its renewable energy potential to achieve energy security, economic growth, and environmental sustainability.